The Specific Genetic Makeup Or â€å“codeã¢â‚¬â For An Individual?
Glossary of Terms
A B C D E F G H I J K Fifty Thou Due north O P Q R Due south T U V W X Y Z
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- A -
- albinism
- the genetically inherited condition in which there is a marked deficiency of pigmentation in pare, hair, and eyes. An individual with these traits is an "albino." Since the gene for albinism is recessive, it only shows upwardly in the phenotype of homozygous recessive people. This is a pleiotropic trait.
- alleles
- alternating forms or varieties of a gene. The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. However, because they are different, their action may consequence in different expressions of that trait.
- amino acids
- pocket-size molecules that are the components of proteins. At that place are 20 different kinds of amino acids in living things. Proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids assembled in chain-similar molecules. Amino acids are primarily equanimous of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- Angelman syndrome
- a rare genetically inherited form of mental retardation due to the deletion or inactivation of specific genes on chromosome 15. The inheritance of this syndrome is discipline to genome imprinting. Children with Angleman syndrome typically likewise have small heads, experience seizures, have pronounced speech impairment, are hyperactive, and have balance disorders.
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- B -
- blending theory
- an incorrect 19th century theory nearly the inheritance of characteristics. It proposed that inherited traits blend from generation to generation. Through his plant cross-breeding experiments, Gregor Mendel proved that this was wrong
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- C -
- carrier
- an individual who is heterozygous for a trait that merely shows up in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive. Carriers oftentimes do not show any signs of the trait simply tin pass it on to their offspring. This is the instance with hemophilia.
- cataract
- an harm of vision caused by the lenses of the eyes becoming cloudy. Cataracts are common in elderly people. They may exist inherited or caused by diabetes and environmental factors.
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- chronic illness
- an illness that lasts for a long period of fourth dimension or indefinitely. In contrast, an astute illness is 1 with a rapid onset and a curt but usually astringent class.
- chromosomes
- thread-like, factor-carrying bodies in the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes are composed primarily of DNA and protein. They are visible only under magnification during certain stages of cell division. Humans take 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell and 23 in each sex prison cell.
- codominance
- the state of affairs in which 2 different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Neither allele is dominant or recessive, so that both appear in the phenotype or influence it. Type AB blood is an example. Such traits are said to be codominant.
- cross-pollination
- the mating of two genetically different plants of the same species. Usually, the term is used in reference to the crossing of 2 pure convenance (homozygous) plants.
- cystic fibrosis
- a genetically inherited affliction in children that results in chronic fluid evolution in the lungs, making breathing difficult. This disease too prevents normal absorption of fats and other nutrients from nutrient. Cystic fibrosis occurs as a effect of inheriting a recessive allele for information technology from both parents. This is ultimately a fatal illness, merely with modern medical care, about two/3 of the people with information technology survive into early adulthood. Near 30,000 people have cystic fibrosis in the U.S. today.
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- D -
- diabetes
- an inherited metabolic disorder in which there are abnormally high blood sugar levels. In avant-garde stages, this often results in blindness from cataracts, nerve damage, gangrene in the feet and legs leading to amputation, eye disease, and kidney failure. Type 1 diabetes melitis (juvenile onset diabetes) is due to decreased production of insulin by the pancreas. Type ii diabetes melitis is due to increased resistance of cells in the body to insulin. The gene or genes for diabetes are incompletely penetrant.
- ascendant allele
- an allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype. Dominant alleles for a trait are commonly expressed if an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid )
- a large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates and bases arranged in a double helix shaped molecular construction. Segments of Dna in chromosomes correspond to specific genes.
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- East -
- evolution
- genetic change in a population of organisms that occurs over fourth dimension. The term is also oft used to refer to the appearance of a new species.
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- F -
- f1 generation
- the get-go offspring (or filial) generation. The adjacent and subsequent generations are referred to as f2, f3, etc.
- fragile-Ten syndrome
- a relatively mutual genetically inherited abnormality of the X chromosome which results in mental retardation. Since it is an X-linked trait, males more often have it expressed in their phenotypes. Most delicate-X males have large testes, big ears, narrow faces, and sensory integration dysfunctions that result in learning disabilities. Information technology is likely to occur 1 in grand births. Approximately one in 700 females are carriers of the gene for this trait.
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- G -
- gene flow
- the transference of genes from one population to another, ordinarily as a result of migration. The loss or addition of individuals can easily modify the factor pool frequencies of both the recipient and donor populations--that is, they tin evolve.
- gene pool
- all of the genes in all of the individuals in a convenance population. More precisely, it is the commonage genotype of a population.
- genes
- units of inheritance usually occurring at specific locations, or loci, on a chromosome. Physically, a cistron is a sequence of DNA bases that specify the gild of amino acids in an unabridged protein or, in some cases, a portion of a protein. A cistron may be made up of hundreds of thousands of Dna bases. Genes are responsible for the hereditary traits in plants and animals.
- genetic drift
- evolution, or change in gene pool frequencies, resulting from random take chances. Genetic drift occurs virtually rapidly in small-scale populations. In big populations, random deviations in allele frequencies in one direction are more likely to exist cancelled out past random changes in the opposite direction.
- genetics
- the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms are the underlying foundation for evolutionary change. Genetics is the branch of scientific discipline that deals with the inheritance of biological characteristics.
- genome
- the full genetic complement of an private (or of a species). In humans, it is estimated that each private possesses approximately 2.9 billion base units in his or her Deoxyribonucleic acid. Meet Human Genome Project.
- genome imprinting
- an inheritance pattern in which a gene volition take a dissimilar consequence depending on the gender of the parent from whom it is inherited. Genome imprinting is likewise known equally genetic imprinting.
- genotype
- the genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype tin can refer to an organism'southward unabridged genetic makeup or the alleles at a item locus. See phenotype.
- gout
- a genetically inherited metabolic disorder in which there is an imbalance of uric acid in the claret which causes a build upwards of urates in joint areas. Symptoms include painfully inflamed joints, specially of the feet and hands, that can go chronic and outcome in deformity. Commonly, merely one articulation is involved, near commonly the base of operations of a big toe. Gout is a sex-controlled trait, usually existence more astringent in men.
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- H -
- hemophilia
- an X-linked genetically inherited recessive disease in which one or more of the normal blood clotting factors is not produced. This results in prolonged bleeding from even minor cuts and injuries. Swollen joints caused by internal bleeding is a common problem for hemophiliacs. Hemophilia most oft afflicts males.
- heterozygous
- a genotype consisting of two different alleles of a factor for a item trait (Aa). Individuals who are heterozygous for a trait are referred to equally heterozygotes. Run into homozygous.
- HLA system
- the body'due south genetically inherited organisation for recognizing and rejecting foreign tissues, such as transplanted organs. The HLA arrangement has the most genes of any other known homo multiple-allele series. At that place are at least 30,000,000 possible HLA genotypes. HLA stands for "human leukocyte antigen" .
- homeotic gene
- run into regulator cistron.
- homologous chromosomes
- chromosomes that are paired during the production of of sexual practice cells in meiosis. Such chromosomes are alike with regard to size and also position of the centromere. They likewise accept the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles, at the same locus or location.
- homozygous
- having the aforementioned allele at the aforementioned locus on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous too refers to a genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a cistron for a particular trait. An individual may exist homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa). Individuals who are homozygous for a trait are referred to as homozygotes. Run across heterozygous.
- Human Genome Project
- a multinational research effort designed to place and map the location of all human genes. The idea of a Human Genome Projection began at a 1984 international briefing in Utah. Research to decode the human genome began in earnest in 1986, funded by the U.S. Section of Energy. The initial stage of discovering all human Deoxyribonucleic acid codons was completed early in 2001 at a toll of 2.7 billion dollars. The adjacent stage of research will exist to identify the proteins for which these genes lawmaking. This decoding of the homo proteome volition be an even more than daunting task than the original Homo Genome Project. Come across genome.
- Huntington'south affliction
- a severe genetically inherited fatal degenerative nerve disorder. The symptoms usually do not announced until early on middle age. There is a progressive loss of muscle control that inevitably leads to paralysis and death. This disease is also called Huntington's chorea .
- hybrids
- offspring that are the consequence of mating betwixt two genetically different kinds of parents--the reverse of purebred.
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- I -
- incomplete penetrance
- the situation in which an allele is expressed simply if sure factors are present in the environment. The triggering of genetically inherited diabetes by obesity and possibly severe emotional stress is an case.
- intermediate expression
- the situation in which a heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between those resulting from the homozygous genotypes. The mid-range baritone male phonation is an example.
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- J -
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- L -
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- M -
- meiosis
- cell division in specialized tissues of ovaries and testes which results in the production of sperm or ova. Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing but half the original number of chromosomes--23 in the case of humans.
- Mendelian genetics
- inheritance patterns which can be explained by uncomplicated rules of dominance and recessiveness of genes.
- modifying gene
- a gene that can alter the expression of some other gene in the phenotype of an individual.
- monozygotic twins
- identical twins. Twins that come from the aforementioned zygote are essentially the same genetically. Differences between monozygotic twins later in life are most always the result of environmental influences rather than genetic inheritance. Fraternal twins may await similar but are non genetically identical.
- multiple-allele series
- a state of affairs in which a gene has more than than two alleles. The ABO blood blazon system is an example. Multiple-allele serial simply partly follow simple Mendelian genetics.
- multiple sclerosis (MS)
- a genetically inherited progressive disease of the central nervous system. MS occurs every bit a event of one's ain immune system attacking the insulating sheath that usually protects neurons. Symptoms range from numbness and tingling to paralysis. There is a loss of motor and cognitive functions. The gene(due south) responsible for MS are incompletely penetrant in that the onset of the disease is apparently triggered by a virus and possibly other environmental factors. There is a correlation between the amount of sunlight that children are exposed to and the likelihood that they will develop MS later in life. People who spend much of their first 16 years in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe are much less probable to develop this disease than those who live in far northern and far southern regions of our planet. Information technology is believed that the lack of abundant sunday exposure early in life is somehow responsible for the afterwards onset of MS.
- muscular dystrophy (Medico)
- whatever of a grouping of inherited progressive muscle disorders acquired by a defect in one or more genes that control muscle part. Doc is characterized past a gradual, irreversible wasting of skeletal muscle. Information technology is a sex-linked trait virtually often passed on to sons by their mothers. The about common form, Duchene Doc, begins to weaken the legs of boys by age iii and inevitably gets worse with each passing year. There is no cure for this disorder, and it usually results in death before the age of xxx.
- mutation
- an alteration of genetic material such that a new variation is produced. For example, a trait that has only one allele (A) can mutate to a new grade (a). This is the merely machinery of development that can produce new alleles of a gene.
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- N -
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- O -
- ovum (plural ova )
- a female sex cell or gamete.
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- P -
- pangenesis
- Charles Darwin's incorrect theory about the inheritance of traits. He proposed that hereditary particles in the body are affected by the things an private does during his or her lifetime. These modified particles were thought to migrate via claret to the reproductive cells and subsequently could be inherited past the next generation. This was a variation of Lamarck's incorrect thought of the "inheritance of acquired characteristics."
- phenotype
- the observable or detectable characteristics of an private organism--the detectable expression of a genotype.
- pleiotropy
- the state of affairs in which a single cistron is responsible for a variety of traits. The commonage group of symptoms known as sickle-cell trait is an instance.
- polygenic trait
- an inherited trait that is determined by genes at two or more loci. Unproblematic Mendelian rules of dominance do not use to the complex interaction of these genes. As a upshot, phenotypes may appear as apparent blends or intermediate expressions. Human skin and hair colour are polygenic traits. Many polygenic traits are also influenced by environmental factors.
- principle of contained assortment
- Gregor Mendel'due south 2nd principle of genetic inheritance. Information technology states that different pairs of genes are passed to offspring independently and so that new combinations of genes, present in neither parent, are possible. In other words, the distribution of one pair of alleles does non influence the distribution of another pair. The genes controlling dissimilar traits are inherited independently of one another.
- principle of segregation
- Gregor Mendel's offset principle of genetic inheritance. It states that, for any particular trait, the pair of genes of each parent separate (during the germination of sex activity cells) and only one gene from each parent passes on to an offspring. In other words, genes occur in pairs (because chromosomes occur in pairs). During gamete production, the members of each gene pair separate, so that each gamete contains one fellow member of each pair. During fertilization, the full number of chromosomes is restored, and members of cistron pairs are reunited.
- probability
- the likelihood that a specific issue will occur. Probability is usually expressed equally the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.
- proteins
- any of a large number of complex organic molecules that are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins tin serve a broad variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules. Proteins may exist enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural components, or gas-transporting molecules.
- proteome
- the full complement of proteins produced by an individual (or a species). It is estimated that each human being produces approximately ninety,000 types of proteins. See Human Genome Project.
- psoriasis
- an inherited affliction characterized by recurring thick, red patches of inflamed skin. It affects men and women equally. This trait is subject to genome imprinting.
- Punnett square
- a simple graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that tin occur and their probability given the parent genotypes. Run into example below. Punnett squares are commonly used by genetics counselors to predict the odds of a couple passing on item inherited traits.
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- purebred
- offspring that are the event of mating betwixt genetically similar kinds of parents--the opposite of hybrid. Purebred is the aforementioned as true convenance.
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- R -
- recessive allele
- an allele that is masked in the phenotype past the presence of a dominant allele. Recessive alleles are expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous recessive (aa).
- regulator cistron
- a cistron that can initiate or block the functions of other genes. Regulator genes command the timing of production of a diversity of chemicals in humans and other organisms. Soon after conception, regulator genes work as master switches orchestrating the timely development of our torso parts. They are as well responsible for changes that occur in our bodies equally we abound older. Regulator genes are also called homeotic genes.
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- S -
- sex cell
- a gamete, either a sperm or an ovum. Sexual activity cells are produced by the meiosis process. See somatic cell.
- sex-controlled gene
- a factor that tin be inherited by both genders but is normally expressed differently in males and females. See sex-limited gene.
- sex-limited gene
- a factor that can exist inherited by both genders simply is usually expressed in only males or females. Run across sexual practice-controlled gene.
- sickle-jail cell trait
- a genetically inherited recessive condition in which red blood cells are distorted resulting in severe anemia and related symptoms that are often fatal in childhood. Sickle-prison cell trait is the result of a pleiotropic cistron. Sickle-cell trait is also known as sickle-cell anemia.
- somatic cell
- any cell in the trunk except those straight involved with reproduction. Most cells in multicellular plants and animals are somatic cells. They reproduce by mitosis. See sex cell.
- sperm
- a male sex prison cell or gamete.
- stuttering alleles
- lacking alleles that take segments which are doubled in their transmission from generation to generation. In the case of genetically inherited diseases, the result is increasingly severe symptoms each generation. The myotonic form of muscular dystrophy is an example. Stuttering alleles are besides known as unstable alleles.
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- T -
- Tay-Sachs Illness
- a genetically inherited status acquired past the inability to produce the enzyme hexosaminidase A. This results in progressively increased fluid pressure on the brain and the subsequent degeneration of the encephalon and nervous organisation kickoff about 6 months of historic period and inevitably resulting in expiry usually by age ii-3. The gene responsible for Tay-Sachs Illness is recessive. Information technology has been most common amidst the descendents of Eastern European Jews (Ashkenazi Jews).
- true breeding
- run into purebred.
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- U -
- unit inheritance
- Gregor Mendel'due south idea that the characteristics of parents are passed on to descendants unchanged as units. In other words, the hereditary textile of whatsoever organism is made up of discrete units (now called genes).
- unstable alleles
- see stuttering alleles.
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- V -
- virus
- a category of extremely small microscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria. Viruses are not cells simply rather RNA or DNA molecules surrounded by a poly peptide coating. Since viruses cannot reproduce without a host prison cell, they are not strictly speaking living organisms.
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- W -
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- X -
- Ten-linked
- referring to a factor that is carried by an 10 sex chromosome.
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- Y -
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- Z -
- zygote
- a "fertilized" ovum. More precisely, this is a prison cell that is formed when a sperm and an ovum combine their chromosomes at conception. A zygote contains the full complement of chromosomes (in humans 46) and has the potential of developing into an entire organism.
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Copyright � 1997-2012 by Dennis O'Neil. All rights reserved.
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Source: https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/glossary.htm
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